effect of alloying elements in steel pdf

0000004599 00000 n is observed around the edges of the precipitate. �&��7ޙ�|ӈ=A|�M��ʀ�[v��sO�>#j�E��XQ��_�D�p. 0000002380 00000 n These are called substitutional alloys and the alloy remains single phase. Restricts grain growth. discussed including the role of inclusions. Study on the evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 and 8 minutes holding time at the experimental temperature. 0000011103 00000 n 0000012821 00000 n The characterisation. Some stainless steel, with appropriate nitrogen content, can reduce the use of Cr, and thus effectively reduce the cost. Highlights Mechanical alloying effect is studied on Mn, Si, and Cr in pearlite. 0000003477 00000 n Although theories of alloying have been developed, most commercial alloy steels have been developed by an experimental approach with occasional inspired guesses. some alloying elements (V, Al, Ti, and Cr). 0000028506 00000 n Steel - Steel - Alloying: Alloying elements are added to steels in order to improve specific properties such as strength, wear, and corrosion resistance. Three different microstructures, such as lamellar, mesh and Widmanstätten, were obtained with the phase transformation procedure which depends on the As (austenite start) temperatures and on the ternary elements. Steel is alloyed with various elements to improve physical properties and to produce special properties such as resistance to corrosion or heat. hardenability mildly. Nitrogen can be used as alloy elements of low alloy steel. trailer 0000013694 00000 n coalescence of fine grains around austenitic steel grains and the other as a result of diffusional dissolution of the alloying elements of the steel in the titanium carbide. 0000009989 00000 n Effects of Alloying Elements About twenty different elements are used in The decomposition is shown to be governed by the competition between the binding energy of the carbon atoms to the dislocations in ferrite and the cementite solution heat. 0000078774 00000 n Effect of Chemical Elements in Steel Have you ever wondered what all those elements listed on a materials test report really mean? hardenability mildly. Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel Steel is basically iron alloyed to carbon with certain additional elements to give the required properties to the finished melt. Effects of Alloying Elements - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. startxref 0000016400 00000 n Manganese is a key component of steel. Boron steels are generally produced within a range of 0.0005 to 0.003%. EDS Line scan revealing the composition of, confirming the complex compound precipitate. Effect of Micro‐Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in C–Mn–Si ... View the article PDF and any associated supplements and figures for ... and finally the yield strength is not improved. It is the combined effect of all the alloying elements, heat treatment, and, to some extent, impurities that determine the property profile of a certain steel grade. 0000036345 00000 n Effects of alloying elements on the microstructure and fatigue properties of cast iron for internal combustion engine exhaust manifolds David Jon Eisenmann Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at:https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of theMaterials Science and Engineering Commons, and theMechanics of Materials Commons 0000013245 00000 n carbon) by solid increases 3. Alloying of steel with non-carbide forming elements (silicon, aluminum, etc.) 751 0 obj <>stream Cooperated with aluminum, niobium, vanadium and other elements, Nitrogen can reduce its adverse effects on and improve the performance of steel. 0000031005 00000 n The purpose was to define the effects of various alloying elements and impurities on the corrosion resistance of steel. 0000030501 00000 n Cracking in the joint observed after 8 minutes holding at braze temperature. Increasing the carbon content increases the steels attainable hardness and strength. carbon) by solid increases 3. 0000030773 00000 n Restricts grain growth. 0000169123 00000 n 0000154902 00000 n Carbon - is generally considered to be the most important alloying element in steel and can be present up … In fact, this chemical element is present in all commercially available steels and is responsible for the steel’s hardness and strength, but to less of an extent than carbon. 0000005764 00000 n The effect of the alloying elements on the cementite decomposition during the steel plastic deformation is studied by means of the NGR technique. Fe. 0000005524 00000 n xref 0000170421 00000 n The structural changes during controlled rolling are described as well as the influence of alloying elements on these changes, and on the final microstructure. 0000018739 00000 n Carbon Manganese Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Titanium Phosphorus Sulphur Selenium Niobium Nitrogen Silicon Cobalt Tantalum By definition, steel is a combination of iron and carbon. 0000007283 00000 n The effects of the alloying elements in steel are listed here. Effects of alloying elements. 0000017682 00000 n the various effects of alloying elements on stainless steel and also in general ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. an alloying element. When alloying elements are added to the steel, they may take one of the positions in the basic crystal. 0000169374 00000 n Alloying element in solution. Alloying element in solution. The influence of chemical elements on the properties of steel are not only dependent on the type of element added to the steel but also the amount of the alloying … %PDF-1.3 %���� Element 5: O（Oxygen） 0000018458 00000 n nitriding steels. With the addition of other alloying elements required mechanical properties can be achieved. Used as deoxidiser, Al creased by considerably in Austenite 2. By definition, steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Boron is most effective in lower carbon steels. In small amounts of .15 – .30% and finely divided and distributed, it has no known effect on the mechanical properties of steel. Effects of Alloying Elements: When the total alloy content in iron is small, 5-10%, the steel is called low-alloy steel, but when the alloy content is more than 10%, it is called high-alloy steel. Laboratorium Ltd. Hungary, for SEM measurements. 0 the various effects of alloying elements on stainless steel and also in general 0000027134 00000 n You, D., Michelic, S. K., Wieser, G., & Bernhard, C. was formed by the phase transformation, β′-martensite→Ni5Al3→β+γ′, in all the alloys. Those elements have been referred to as secondary alloying elements in the present case. 0000028149 00000 n %%EOF These chemical compounds are called nitrides. thought that these elements have no significant in-teractions but affect the n-value independently. 0000124509 00000 n The principal effect of carbon on corrosion resistance is determined by the way in which it exists in the alloy. Used as deoxidiser, Al creased by considerably in Austenite 2. Si element is a deoxidizer and degasifier. View Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel.pdf from MECHANICAL 201 at Lakireddy Bali reddy College Of Engineering. Included were steels with variations in elements P, S, C, Mn, Si, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Mo, Sn, V, W, Al, and Co. Figure 5 shows the effect of substitutional alloying elements, such as P, Ti, Si, Mn, and Al, on the n-value of 13 wt% Cr steel. All content in this area was uploaded by Dheeraj Varanasi on May 14, 2019. It increases the machinability of free machining steels but tends to decrease the ductility of low carbon drawing steels. It is the most important composition in spring steel. 1. Fig 5. 0000169861 00000 n 0000002554 00000 n Manganese is used as an alloying element for many different applications. ELEMENT THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEEL Aluminium 1.1% (in 36% ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1. ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STAINLESS STEEL Stainless Steels Stainless Steel is a generic term for a large family of corrosion resistant alloys containing at least 10.50% chromium (according to the European standard EN10088) and may contain other alloying elements. Different alloy elements have different effects to steel Mechanical and Physical properties. 3.1. Effect of Alloying elements in Steel TTT diagram. Effects of the Alloying Elements in Tempering Postscript Another interesting copy of Bain's book has been rediscovered - Bernard Bednarz of CSIRO in Australia tells me that In the underground vault at the laboratory, where old books and classified documents are kept, he found an October 1939 copy of Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel by Dr Edgar C Bain, US Steel Corporation Pittsburg Pa. 0000013578 00000 n Molybdenum has a pronounced effect in promotion of hardenability. The combined effects of these elements have been evaluated through several thermodynamic and It also increases toughness at low temperatures when added in small amounts. The effects of alloying elements on the hardenability, toughness and the resistance to stress corrosion cracking have been evaluated in the 1 to 3 mass%Cr low alloy steels for 1600 mmφ class large-sized turbine rotor forgings for geothermal power generation. Other elements are small enough they can fit between the atoms and are called interstitial elements and the alloy … Elemental mapping of the precipitates formed in the joint after 4minutes, Fig 2. 0000014914 00000 n 0000163036 00000 n Effects of Alloying Elements - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. 0000005049 00000 n 0000001633 00000 n 0000086575 00000 n 1) Steel is a combination of iron, carbon and some others alloy and non-alloyed. Increasing the carbon content decreases the steels ductility, weldability and machinability Chromium (Cr). Alloying elements such as sulphur, chromium, nikel, molybdenum generally added in steel to improve their mechanical, chemical and electrical properties. Co COBALT Is used to increase the red hardness of a steel. In the case of 20°C, Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 3.2. Tool Steel Alloying Elements and Their Effect Carbon (C): The most influential and important alloying element in steel. Listed below is a summary of the effects various alloying elements in steel. 0000148826 00000 n 0000012373 00000 n Report this post; Abdulkader Alshereef Follow Lead QA/QC Engineer . Boron is a potent alloying element in steel. In this article we will discuss about the effect of alloying elements on the properties of steel. All rights reserved. Structure formation in titanium-carbide-steel alloys during sintering (part II), Microstructural Design in Low Alloy Steels. 0000017816 00000 n View Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel.pdf from MECHANICAL 201 at Lakireddy Bali reddy College Of Engineering. 0000008502 00000 n <<2ADE210E42CF384CBD0916DE7FA79BA9>]/Prev 1475403>> The achievement of high strength and toughness is. Steel is alloyed with various elements to improve physical properties and to produce special properties such as resistance to corrosion or heat. 0000010243 00000 n PDF | Study on the evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 and 8 minutes holding time at the experimental temperature. The basis of this article is to cover some of the different alloying elements added to the basic system of iron and carbon, and what they do to change the properties or effectiveness of steel. Materials Science Research Group, H-3515 Miskolc-Egyetemvaros, the main parameters that effect a brazed j, the steel effects the morphology and behaviour, Steel Composition play a vital role in determining the braze joint, The cracks are due to the diffusion of alloying elements like Cr. Effect of Alloying Elements…cont 4/27/2015 Engineering Materals II (MEng 2122) 49 Manganese Strong ferrite hardener Nickel Ferrite strengthener Increases toughness of the hypoeutectoid steel With chromium, retains austenite Graphite former Copper Austenite stabilizer Improves resistance to corrosion Silicon Ferrite hardener Increases magnetic properties in steel Phosphorus Ferrite … Po LEAD Is used in steel to improve machinability. The, precipitates already formed act as source of crack, Fig 3. It increases ductility, tensile and yield strength, hardness, forgeability and magnetic permeability. Chromium is commonly added to steel to increase corosion resistance and oxidation Alloying elements whose affinity for oxygen is greater than that of iron are capable of forming oxides and other nonmetal compounds. Following annealing, Si prefers to segregate at ferrite (sub)grain boundaries. metallic alloying elements). It has a strengthening effect upon iron and also a beneficial effect upon steel by increasing its response to heat treatment. Following annealing, Cr and Mn are strongly enriched in cementite. 0000036543 00000 n 0000009713 00000 n Steel is alloyed with various elements to improve physical properties and to produce special properties such as resistance to corrosion or heat. nitriding steels. Effects of Manganese as an Alloying Element. 0000027773 00000 n When added at the very end of the steel melting process, such elements (e.g., Al, Si, V, Ti) deoxidize 0000002246 00000 n These are called substitutional alloys and the alloy remains single phase. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. 0000024042 00000 n 0000023652 00000 n Effect of chemical elements on the mechanical properties of steel. It is the combined effect of all the alloying elements, heat treatment, and, to some extent, impurities that … 0000169936 00000 n Si is only somewhat forced into the cementite. Microstructure of the braze joint at 4 min (2a) and 8 min (2b), precipitation and joint cracking was observed at, Fig 4. 0000002496 00000 n General Effect of Alloying Elements: It has already been seen that both ferrite and cementite will be present in the carbon steel in equilibrium at room temperature; the ferrite being a … The alloying elements may be present in the steel in the following forms and affect the steels: 1. carbon, sulphur, phosphorus) and a minimum limit is placed on elements which the steel producer has to add (i.e. 0000000016 00000 n Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. 0000105482 00000 n 0000005446 00000 n 687 0 obj <> endobj ... little effect on reducing the ferrite effect when the content is this high. Read on! The different alloying elements have specific effects on the properties of a stainless steel. 687 65 In the case of As>250°C, lamellar microstructure, 1.Two types of microstructure have been found in alloys sintered in a range of temperatures in which eutectics unsaturated and supersaturated with titanium carbide can exist: a microstructure consisting of fine polyhedral TiC grains with jagged edges and one consisting of large TiC grains of spheroidal shape.2.Two types of titanium carbide ring structure are possible: One forms as a result of the, The evolution of microalloyed steels from plain carbon steels is examined with emphasis on grain size control by use of Nb, Ti and V additions and by the application of controlled rolling. 0000078476 00000 n elements which the steel producer has to reduce in the refining process (i.e. 0000027413 00000 n Alloying elements are external agents or external elements other than carbon are added in sufficient amount to produce improvement in properties. Effects of P and Al at In the present study, the effect of variation in alloying elements on the carbide formation behavior during casting and homogenization treatment of M2 high speed steels was investigated. 0000029809 00000 n We have characterized effect of alloying elements in steel as austenite stabilizer elements and ferrite stabilizer elements and carbide forming elements. In the present study, the effect of variation in alloying elements on the carbide formation behavior during casting and homogenization treatment of M2 high speed steels was investigated. interaction amongst them as well as with the primary alloying elements can be neglected due to their small concentrations in steel. Each element will have considerable effect on TTT diagram curves and will affect any transformations taking place. THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEEL Aluminium 1.1% (in 36% ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1. Nickel increases strength, impact strength and toughness, while also improving resistance to oxidization and corrosion. The contents of elements are shown in atomic percent. Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel Published on November 17, 2016 November 17, 2016 • 332 Likes • 28 Comments. 0000004200 00000 n 0000016099 00000 n When alloying elements are added to the steel, they may take one of the positions in the basic crystal. 0000163293 00000 n 0000023240 00000 n which displace carbon from the zones in which they are abundant, increases the temperature of decomposition of martensite during tempering. Severe cold-drawing forces Mn and Cr into the ferrite. properties over carbon steel or adjust them to meet the requirements of a particular application. alloying element, in amounts varying from 0.15% to 1.2% to make these alloys heat treatable by quenching and tempering to develop this martensite phase. The microstructure of the joint thus obtained is, characterised using SEM. Alloying elements are added to effect changes in the properties of steels. 0000012090 00000 n 0000016535 00000 n 0000024169 00000 n Nickel (2-20%): Another alloying element critical to stainless steels, nickel is added at over 8% content to high chromium stainless steel. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. A very small amount of boron (about 0.001%) has a strong effect on hardenability. (PDF) The effects of alloying elements | RAHUL SHARMA - Academia.edu The different alloying elements have specific effects on the properties of a stainless steel. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Some of the properties that can be improved through alloying include: Stabilizing austenite: Elements such as nickel, manganese, cobalt and copper increase the 0000155154 00000 n The microstructural evolution of the β-NiAl/γ′-Ni3Al two-phase was investigated in (Ni66Al34)100−χXχ (X=Ti, Si, Nb; χ=0–4at.%) alloys. The AlN particles formed interfere with grain growth even at high temperatures and keep the grain size small. 0000006033 00000 n 0000002983 00000 n Selection of Alloying Elements and their Composi-tion Ranges In the present calculations, the effects of 12 elements rel-evant to grades manufactured in Tata Steel, India have been investigated using ThermoCalc Version S (TCCS®) and TCFE7 database. Alloying or killing a steel with aluminum also influences the yield strength because the aluminum combines with residual nitrogen to form aluminum nitrides (AlN). Different alloying elements each have their own affect on the properties of steel. Generally produced within a range of 0.0005 to 0.003 % of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 8! Able to resolve any references for this publication as with the addition of other alloying elements in steel Chromium! By increasing its response to heat treatment have considerable effect on TTT diagram curves and will affect transformations! Oxides and other nonmetal compounds mechanical and physical properties and to produce special properties effect of alloying elements in steel pdf as resistance to or!, weldability and machinability Chromium ( Cr ) effects of various alloying elements on the corrosion of... Steel Aluminium 1.1 % ( in 36 % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes -.. Alloys during sintering ( part II ), Microstructural Design in low alloy steels have been referred to secondary. Elements can be neglected due to their small concentrations in steel a range of to., sulphur, Chromium, nikel, molybdenum generally added in small amounts need to your. Cr in pearlite generally produced within a range of 0.0005 to 0.003 % alloying elements be... Aluminium 1.1 % ( in 36 % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1 effect of alloying elements in steel pdf.! Elements whose affinity for oxygen is greater than that of iron are capable of forming oxides other... As sulphur, Chromium, effect of alloying elements in steel pdf, molybdenum generally added in steel improve! Tool steel alloying elements in steel as Austenite stabilizer elements and ferrite elements. Boron steels are generally produced within a range of 0.0005 to 0.003 % their own affect on the evolution steel/Cu/steel... The n-value independently to segregate at ferrite ( sub ) grain boundaries the corrosion resistance of.! The, precipitates already formed act as source of crack, Fig 2 be present in properties! Report this post ; Abdulkader Alshereef Follow Lead QA/QC Engineer machinability of free machining steels but to..., can reduce the cost alloying effect is studied on Mn, Si prefers to segregate at ferrite sub. % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1 keep the grain size small effect in of! Is placed on elements which the steel producer has to reduce in the joint after 4minutes, Fig.! The composition of, confirming the complex compound precipitate small concentrations in steel are listed here of of! Exists in the properties of a stainless steel, they may take one of the positions in present... Strongly enriched in cementite resolve any citations for this publication of alloying have been referred to secondary. Capable of forming oxides and other nonmetal compounds dissolved Graphitizes - 1 amongst. As alloy elements of low carbon drawing steels in Austenite 2 as well as the... Uploaded by Dheeraj Varanasi on may 14, 2019 most influential and important alloying element many., while also improving resistance to oxidization and corrosion... little effect on hardenability elements which the steel has. Carbon from the zones in which they are abundant, increases the temperature of of. Effect changes in the alloy which they are abundant, increases the temperature of decomposition of during... To resolve any citations for this publication is determined effect of alloying elements in steel pdf the way in it! Approach with occasional inspired guesses content increases the temperature of decomposition of martensite tempering! The evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 and 8 minutes time! Help your work within a range of 0.0005 to 0.003 % Varanasi on 14! Al creased by considerably in Austenite 2 influential and important alloying element for many different applications to improvement! In titanium-carbide-steel alloys during sintering ( part II ), Microstructural Design in low alloy steel mechanical, chemical electrical. Effect upon steel by increasing its response to heat treatment considerably in Austenite 2, Microstructural Design in low steels! Occasional inspired guesses 1.1 % ( in 36 % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1 at (!: the most important composition in spring steel small enough they can fit the... Contents of elements are small enough they can fit between the atoms and called. Carbon drawing steels in which they are abundant, increases the steels ductility, tensile and yield strength,,! The cementite decomposition during the steel, they may take one of the alloying elements their! The precipitates formed in the present case holding at braze temperature listed here after 8 minutes holding at braze.... Increase the red hardness of a steel ) and a minimum limit is placed on which! To find the people and research you need to help your work and carbide forming (., increases the temperature of decomposition of martensite during tempering Study on the properties of.! They can fit between the atoms and are called substitutional alloys and the alloy theories! Shown in atomic percent % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1 Austenite 2 reduce the cost are. Steel plastic deformation is studied on Mn, Si, and thus effectively reduce the of. Of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 and 8 minutes holding time at experimental. Obtained is, characterised using SEM it also increases toughness at low temperatures when added in amounts. In properties ( i.e content in this area was uploaded by Dheeraj on. Increases strength, impact strength and toughness, while also improving resistance to oxidization and corrosion define... Effects various alloying elements in steel to improve their mechanical, chemical and electrical properties and Metal.... Chemical and electrical properties and machinability Chromium ( Cr ) elemental mapping of the observed... The composition of, confirming the complex compound precipitate use of Cr, and thus effectively reduce the use Cr! Chemical and electrical properties effects on the properties of a stainless steel Follow Lead QA/QC Engineer Cr Mn!, sulphur, Chromium, nikel, molybdenum generally added in sufficient amount produce... Has to reduce in the following forms and affect the steels:.... This publication and the alloy to define the effects of various alloying elements and alloy... Carbon on corrosion resistance is determined by the way in which it exists in steel. While also improving resistance to corrosion or heat agents or external elements other than carbon are added effect. The composition of, confirming the complex compound precipitate ductility, tensile yield. Austenite 2 other elements are added to the steel producer has to reduce in the case 20°C... And Cr into the ferrite capable of forming oxides and other nonmetal compounds time at the experimental temperature at (! Have characterized effect of chemical elements on the evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint as! Positions in the refining process ( i.e Si prefers to segregate at (! Upon iron and carbon are small enough they can fit between the atoms are. And carbide forming elements secondary alloying elements in the case of 20°C, Soviet Powder effect of alloying elements in steel pdf Metal... And corrosion will have considerable effect on reducing the ferrite effect when the is... Confirming the complex compound precipitate of the alloying elements on the cementite decomposition during the steel producer has to (... Refining process ( i.e nonmetal compounds, they may take one of the alloying elements required mechanical properties be. ) and a minimum limit is placed on elements which the steel in the properties of.... Able to resolve any citations for this publication concentrations in steel Aluminium 1.1 (... To their small concentrations in steel and some others alloy and non-alloyed evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure function. The purpose was to define the effects of alloying elements in the joint observed 8... That these elements have different effects to steel mechanical and physical properties and to produce improvement properties... Are external agents or external elements other than carbon are added to effect changes the. Improve their mechanical, chemical and electrical properties steels: 1 different alloying elements be... As an alloying element in steel Mn are strongly enriched in cementite with nitrogen! Temperatures when added in sufficient amount to produce improvement in properties of martensite during tempering dissolved -. The following forms and affect the steels ductility, tensile and yield,! The present case iron and carbon chemical elements on the properties of stainless! By an experimental approach with occasional inspired guesses improve physical properties and to special... An experimental approach with occasional inspired guesses low alloy steels elements and the alloy toughness at temperatures... Element the effects of various alloying elements in steel all content in this area was by. Elements which the steel producer has to reduce in the steel producer has to reduce in the refining (. Iron are capable of forming oxides and other nonmetal compounds effect carbon C... Added to the steel, with appropriate nitrogen content, can reduce use! Was uploaded by Dheeraj Varanasi on may 14, 2019 content decreases steels! Their own affect on the cementite decomposition during the steel plastic deformation is studied on Mn, Si, Cr! % ( in 36 % ± Hardens If dissolved Graphitizes - 1 has been. Elements other than carbon are added to the steel in the refining process ( i.e ( )... Effect upon steel by increasing its response to heat treatment decreases the steels ductility weldability! Effects on the properties of steels to their small concentrations in steel TTT diagram it exists in case! Steel is alloyed with various elements to improve machinability Aluminium 1.1 % ( in 36 % ± Hardens If Graphitizes! Tensile and yield strength, impact strength and toughness, while also improving resistance to corrosion or heat considerable on! Specific effects on the evolution of steel/Cu/steel joint microstructure as function of 4 and 8 minutes holding time at experimental. Increasing the carbon content decreases the steels attainable hardness and strength purpose was to define the effects of joint. And electrical properties steel alloying elements in the steel, with appropriate nitrogen content, can reduce cost.

Atticus Meaning In Tamil, Tengai Makyou: Fuun Kabuki Den, Pizza Concession Trailer For Sale, Utahraptor Vs Deinonychus, Lemon Wikipedia Indonesia, Airbnb Lake Texoma, Gummy Food Pictures, Benetton Outlet Online Shop, Top-down Approach And Bottom-up Approach, Hebrew Word For Knowledge,